Evidentiary Value of Internet Protocol Address Similarity in Tender Collusion: a Study of Case No. 445 K/PDT.SUS-KPPU/2021

Raissa Sundari; Rismawati Rismawati

Authors

Raissa Sundari Universitas Syiah Kuala
Rismawati Rismawati Universitas Syiah Kuala

Keywords:

Digital collusion evidence, electronic evidence law, IP Address geolocation

Abstract

Background: Collusion in electronic tenders represents a fundamental violation of fair competition principles, as it systematically undermines the transparency, fairness, and efficiency of government procurement processes, prompting the adoption of the e-tender system to safeguard integrity. Objectives: This study aims to critically assess the legal validity and probative strength of IP addresses as electronic evidence in digital collusion cases, while specifically examining the judicial reasoning applied in relevant Indonesian court decisions. Methods: Employing a normative legal methodology with a descriptive-analytical approach, this research draws upon diverse legal literature, statutes, and comparative case studies. Results: The analysis establishes that while Article 5 of Indonesia's ITE Law formally recognizes IP addresses as valid electronic evidence due to their unique device-identifying function, the ruling in Decision Number 445 K/Pdt.Sus-KPPU/2021 is jurisprudentially flawed; the court erroneously limited the comparison of IP addresses to a superficial administrative verification by the procurement working group (pokja), despite the pokja lacking statutory access to the SPSE system. In contrast, international jurisdictions such as Brazil, Singapore, and China robustly admit IP addresses as compelling evidence when corroborated by metadata and system logs. Conclusions: Consequently, this study underscores the urgent necessity for Indonesia to establish consistent, technology-adaptive, and procedurally clear standards for electronic evidence to ensure legal certainty and reinforce the effective enforcement of fair competition law in the digital procurement landscape.

References

G. Puspaningrum, I. W. Yasa, and L. C. Putri, “A Legal Perspective Toward Unlawful Acts in Tender Collusion in Indonesia,” Media Iuris, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 439–460, 2025, doi: 10.20473/mi.v8i3.68535.

L. B. Bukit and H. Sugiyono, “Sanctions Against Working Groups for the Selection of Goods/Services Providers in Cases of Tender Collusion (Study: Comparison between Indonesia and Malaysia),” Rechtsidee, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 1–17, 2025, doi: 10.21070/jihr.v13i2.1093.

X. Wang, K. Ye, T. Zhuang, and R. Liu, “The Influence of Collusive Information Dissemination on Bidder’s Collusive Willingness in Urban Construction Projects,” Land, vol. 11, no. 5, pp. 1–14, 2022, doi: 10.3390/land11050643.

Mochtar, Z. Arifin, and E. O. S. Hiariej, Understanding Legal Principles, Theories, Foundations, and Philosophy. Jakarta: Perpustakaan Nasional, 2021.

Firmansyah, Anry, R. Y. Maulana, and A. Z. Miftah, “Transformation Of The Procurement System In The Indonesian Government,” Sosiohumaniora J. Ilmu-ilmu Sos. dan Hum., vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 1–40, 2024.

J. Bernardus, N. Kadenko, D. Broeders, M. Van Eeten, K. Borgolte, and T. Fiebig, “Pushing boundaries: An empirical view on the digital sovereignty of six governments in the midst of geopolitical tensions,” Gov. Inf. Q., vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 1–20, 2023.

Pavol, L. R. Sokol, K. Lucivjanska, and J. Harašta, “IP Addresses in the Context of Digital Evidence in the Criminal and Civil Case Law of the Slovak Republic,” Forensic Sci. Int. Digit. Investig., vol. 32, no. 6, pp. 45–60, 2020.

H. P. Putra and V. Juwono, “Policy Evaluation Of Kppu In The Supervision Of E-Procurement For The Revitalization Of Taman Ismail Marzuki Phase In 2022,” Natapraja, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–30, 2025.

S. I. Affierni, I. Nafikadini, and D. Rokhmah, “Qualitative Study on Perpetrator of Child Sexual Violence with the Symbolic Interaction Theory Approach,” J. Kesehat. Masy., vol. 16, no. 37, pp. 17–27, 2020.

Z. Abdussamad, Metode Penelitian Kualitatif, 1st ed. Bandung: CV. syakir Media Press, 2021.

S. Wibowo, “Collusion in Electronic Procurement of Goods and Services for Construction Services (Case Study No. 24/Kppu-I/2020),” J. Huk. Caraka Justitia, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 30–40, 2022.

Y. Xie, Z. Zhang, Y. Liu, E. Chen, and N. Li, “Evaluation Method of IP Geolocation Database Based on City Delay Characteristics.,” Electronics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 40–60, 2023.