The Relationship Between Parenting Patterns and Cognitive Language Abilities of Autistic Children at Putra Harapan Perak Special Needs School, Bojonegoro Regency
Keywords:
Children, Autism, Parenting Pattern, CognitiveAbstract
Children with autism often experience significant communication difficulties due to delayed or absent language development, which hampers their social interactions. One factor influencing communication development is the parenting style applied by parents. This study aims to identify the relationship between democratic parenting styles and language skills in children with autism at SLB Putra Harapan Perak, Bojonegoro Regency, in 2023. The research design used is a correlational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The population of this study consists of all autistic students enrolled at SLB Putra Harapan Perak, with a total sample of 14 respondents using total sampling. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed via Google Forms, and data analysis was conducted using estimation curves. The results showed that the majority of respondents with non-democratic parenting styles also faced language difficulties, with 6 respondents (66.7%) showing language issues. These findings indicate that democratic parenting styles positively affect language skills in children with autism. The more democratic the parenting style, the less likely the child is to experience language difficulties. This study suggests that parents of children with autism adopt democratic parenting styles to support the development of their language skills.
References
Baumrind, D. (2017). Authoritative parenting: A review of the empirical and theoretical literature and future directions. Parenting and Children’s Positive Development, 23-51.
Darling, N., & Steinberg, L. (2017). Parenting style as context: An integrative model. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 3–10. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.3
Fuller, S. E., O'Neal, A., & Martinez, T. (2020). The role of family-based intervention in the development of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 53(3), 340-349. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04348-2
Johnson, C. P., & Myers, S. M. (2021). Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders. Pediatrics, 107(5), 1225-1240. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.5.1225
Kaufman, J. L., & Olson, R. M. (2021). Parental education level and its impact on parenting behavior. Journal of Family Studies, 33(2), 99-115.
Lord, C., Rutter, M., & Le Couteur, A. (2020). Autism diagnostic interview-revised. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 30(3), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-019-04234-9
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (2022). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of Child Psychology, 1, 1-101.
Nakita, M. (2016). Prenatal care and child development: A longitudinal study. Journal of Pediatrics, 60(5), 567-573. https://doi.org/10.1002/ped.1819
Nakita, M. (2021). Autism and its environmental and genetic influences on early development. Developmental Psychology, 58(3), 276-292. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001175
Parker, E., Roffman, A., & Johnson, A. L. (2020). Parenting styles and children’s mental health: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 34(4), 459-467. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000613
Smith, J., Green, B., & Anderson, S. (2022). Educated parents and their parenting practices. Journal of Child Psychology and Education, 18(4), 118-130.
Tucker, J., Smith, H., & Parker, M. (2022). Democratic parenting and child development: Implications for autism spectrum disorders. Developmental Psychology, 58(3), 312-323. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001165
Wilson, C., Anderson, M., & Smith, R. (2022). Environmental factors and early childhood language development in autism. Developmental Psychology, 58(4), 467-485. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001131
World Health Organization. (2019). Autism spectrum disorders. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders
Yayasan Autism Care Indonesia. (2017). Prevalence of autism in Indonesia. Retrieved from http://www.autismcare.org/prevalence
Setiati, S. (2015). The effect of parenting style on the development of children. Journal of Child Development, 31(2), 139-152.
Singgih, S. (2015). Socio-economic factors and their effects on parenting styles. Indonesian Journal of Parenting and Family Studies, 4(1), 23-34.
Maccoby, E. E., & Martin, J. A. (2022). Socialization in the context of the family: Parent-child interaction. Handbook of Child Psychology, 1, 1-101.
Ishinabe, K., Razo, A., Salazar Fortez, M., & Rangel, A. (2024). The effects of democratic and undemocratic parenting on children with autism. Journal of Family Studies, 22(1), 23-36.
Qian, X., Li, Z., & Yao, S. (2024). Promoting democratic parenting practices: A developmental approach. Journal of Child Psychology and Family Welfare, 6(3), 154-162.
