Jurnal EduHealth

The Oral Microbiome in Oral Frailty and Healthy Ageing: A Narrative Review

Felisha Febriane Balafif — 2026-07-06

The oral microbiome plays a fundamental role in maintaining oral and systemic health throughout the ageing process. Age-related physiological changes, oral frailty, and physical inactivity contribute to microbial dysbiosis, which has been associated with periodontal disease, chronic inflammation, and frailty. However, the relationship between exercise, oral microbial ecology, and oral frailty has not been comprehensively synthesized. This narrative review aimed to summarize current evidence regarding the oral microbiome and to explore its relationship with oral frailty and healthy ageing. A narrative review was conducted using articles published between 2021 and 2026. Five original studies investigating oral microbiome composition, physical activity, oral frailty, ageing, and systemic inflammation in older adults were critically reviewed and synthesized to identify common findings and emerging biological mechanisms. The reviewed evidence consistently demonstrated that regular physical activity, including moderate-intensity continuous training and high-intensity interval training, promotes beneficial alterations in oral microbial composition by increasing microbial diversity and reducing the abundance of opportunistic pathogens. Conversely, physical inactivity and oral frailty were associated with reduced microbial diversity. Current evidence supports a close interaction between physical activity, oral microbiome composition, oral frailty, and healthy ageing. Regular exercise appears to preserve oral microbial homeostasis while reducing inflammation and frailty-related microbial alterations. These findings highlight the oral microbiome as a promising biomarker and potential therapeutic target for promoting healthy ageing. Nevertheless, further longitudinal studies integrating metagenomics, host immune responses, and clinical oral outcomes are required to clarify the causal mechanisms underlying these interactions.

The Effect of Vidio Based Education on Adolescent Girls’ Knowledge of Vaginal Discharge Prevention

Baiq Disnalia Siswari — 2026-07-07

One of the most common reproductive health problems in adolescent girls is vaginal discharge (Flour Albus). Flour Albus or vaginal discharge is a fluid coming out of the vagina in addition to blood. Vaginal discharge is divided into two types, namely physiological (normal) and pathological (abnormal).To determine the influence of counseling through video media on the knowledge of adolescent girls about the prevention of vaginal discharge in class X students at SMAN 1 Wanasaba. This study used a pre-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design. The research sample of 66 people was selected using the proportional stratified random sampling technique. Data analysis used the Wilcoxon test, with a questionnaire as a research instrument. The results of the pre-test showed that most of the students had a level of knowledge in the sufficient category, namely 45 students (69.7%). After being given counseling through video media, the post-test results showed an improvement, with 65 students (98.5%) in the good category. Wilcoxon's statistical test showed a significant influence before and after health education with a p-value of 0.001 (<0.05).There is a significant influence on the increase in student's knowledge about vaginal discharge prevention after being given health education through video media

An Evaluation of Drug Storage Practices in the Pharmacy Warehouse of Parapat Regional General Hospital, Girsang Sipangan Bolon District, Simalungun Regency

Saide Pramita Sijabat — 2026-07-08

Drug storage is an activity of storing and maintain by placing the drugs received in a place that is considered safe from theft and physical disturbances that can damage the quality of drugs and medical supplies. This study aims to determine the suitability of the drug storage system at the Parapat Regional General Hospital with the standards of the Regulation of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 72 of 2016 with storage indicators. Drug storage carried out by pharmacists has various purposes, one of which is to make it easier for officers to find drugs to be used. With organized and neat storage, it can shorten the time to find the medicines you need. This type of research is descriptive observational and the tool used in this study is an observation sheet related to drug storage at Parapat General Hospital as a data collection tool. The results showed that the drug storage requirements did not meet the requirements because APAR is not yet aveilable. The percentage of matched drugs with stock cards and drug storage systems has not met the standard, because the percentage obtained is 99.10% where the standard that must be met is 100%. while the Turn Over Ratio value is 4,38 times, the percentage of expired and damaged drugs is 2,09% . the data still does not meet the existing requirements. Then it was concluded that the storage of drugs at the Parapat Regional General Hospital still does not meet the requirements in accordance with the Regulation of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 72 of 2016

Implementation Of Benson Relaxation Therapy for Pain Reduction in Post-Caeserean Patient Section in the An-Nisa Ward at Bakti Timah Hospital Pangkal Pinang

Veronica Agustina Sihotang — 2026-07-08

Sectio caesarea is a surgical delivery procedure that may cause acute pain in the abdominal incision area. If not managed properly, pain may inhibit mobilization, disturb rest, reduce comfort, and slow the recovery process of post sectio caesarea mothers. One non-pharmacological intervention that can be used to help reduce pain is Benson relaxation therapy. This case study aimed to describe the implementation of maternity nursing care using Benson relaxation therapy to reduce pain in post sectio caesarea patients in the An-Nisa Ward of Bakti Timah Hospital, Pangkalpinang. This study used a descriptive case study method involving two patients, Mrs. B and Mrs. R, who met the criteria of being post sectio caesarea patients aged 21-40 years, fully conscious, able to communicate verbally, cooperative, and willing to participate. Data were collected through interviews, observation, physical examination, documentation review, and pain intensity measurement using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS). Benson relaxation therapy was provided for three days, twice daily, for approximately 10 minutes each session. The results showed a gradual decrease in pain intensity. In Mrs. B, the initial pain score of 6 decreased to 3 on the third day after the intervention. In Mrs. R, the initial pain score of 5 decreased to 3 on the third day after the intervention. Both patients appeared more relaxed, more comfortable, and were able to begin light mobilization. This case study concludes that Benson relaxation therapy can help reduce pain intensity in post sectio caesarea patients and can be applied as a safe, simple, and easy non-pharmacological nursing intervention.

The Effect of Foot Spa Therapy on Anxiety Reduction Among Hypertensive Patients in the Basic Geriatric Ward of Dr X

Renny Fransiska Aryanti — 2026-07-08

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases among older adults and is often accompanied by anxiety, which can negatively affect blood pressure control and overall quality of life. Anxiety may activate the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased blood pressure and worsening the patient's condition. Foot spa therapy, which combines warm water foot soaking and gentle foot massage, is a complementary non-pharmacological intervention that promotes relaxation, improves peripheral blood circulation, and reduces anxiety. Therefore, comprehensive nursing care incorporating foot spa therapy is needed to support anxiety management in patients with hypertension. This case study aimed to describe the application of foot spa therapy in reducing anxiety among hypertensive patients in the Basic Geriatric Ward of Dr. X, using the nursing process, including assessment, nursing diagnosis, intervention planning, implementation, and evaluation. The study employed a case study design involving two older adult patients with hypertension who experienced anxiety. The assessment identified anxiety related to changes in health status, characterized by excessive worry, restlessness, and sleep disturbances. Nursing interventions included anxiety reduction, therapeutic communication, health education, relaxation techniques, and foot spa therapy administered for two consecutive days. The evaluation showed a significant reduction in anxiety levels. The Geriatric Anxiety Inventory (GAI) score decreased from 13 to 0 in the first patient and from 12 to 0 in the second patient. Blood pressure also improved, decreasing from 155/100 mmHg to 130/90 mmHg in the first patient and from 175/105 mmHg to 130/98 mmHg in the second patient. Subjectively, both patients reported feeling calmer, more comfortable, and less worried about their health condition. Objectively, they appeared more relaxed and cooperative during nursing care. In conclusion, the application of foot spa therapy as part of comprehensive nursing care effectively reduced anxiety and contributed to improved blood pressure among hypertensive patients. Foot spa therapy may be considered a safe, simple, and effective complementary nursing intervention for managing anxiety in patients with hypertension.

The Association Between Maternal Age and the Incidence of Preeclampsia in the Working Area of Penana’e Community Health Center in 2026

Yati Purnama — 2026-07-20

Preeclampsia is one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, characterized by elevated blood pressure after 20 weeks of gestation and may be accompanied by proteinuria and other organ dysfunctions. Maternal age is one of the risk factors associated with the occurrence of preeclampsia. This study aimed to determine the relationship between maternal age and the incidence of preeclampsia in the working area of Penana’e Public Health Center, Bima City, in 2025. This research employed an observational analytic method with a case-control design. The study population consisted of 273 pregnant women registered in the working area of Penana’e Public Health Center from January to June 2025. A total of 73 respondents were selected as samples, comprising case and control groups. Data were obtained from medical records and the e-Cohort database of Penana’e Public Health Center. The independent variable was maternal age, while the dependent variable was the incidence of preeclampsia. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate analyses through the Chi-Square test and Odds Ratio (OR) calculation. The results showed that most respondents were aged 20–35 years (44 respondents; 60.3%), while 13 respondents (17.8%) were aged below 20 years and 16 respondents (21.9%) were aged above 35 years. The case group (preeclampsia) consisted of 32 respondents (43.8%), whereas the control group (non-preeclampsia) consisted of 41 respondents (56.2%). The Chi-Square test indicated a significant relationship between maternal age and the incidence of preeclampsia (p = 0.005). Odds Ratio analysis revealed that pregnant women aged below 20 years had a 4.27 times greater risk of developing preeclampsia compared to those aged 20–35 years, while pregnant women aged above 35 years had an 8 times greater risk. It can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between maternal age and the incidence of preeclampsia. Therefore, healthcare providers are expected to strengthen screening, education, and pregnancy monitoring among women in high-risk age groups to prevent preeclampsia and reduce maternal morbidity and mortality.

Comparison of Antioxidant Activity of Basil Herbal Extract (Ocimum sanctum L.): Maceration Vs Reflux Using DPPH Method

Martina E Maleke — 2026-07-27

Free radicals can trigger oxidative stress that contributes to various health disorders, so that effective and safe natural antioxidant sources are needed. Basil leaves (Ocimum sanctum L.) are known to contain secondary metabolite compounds such as flavonoids and phenolics that have the potential as antioxidants. This study aims to compare the antioxidant activity of basil herbal extracts obtained through maceration and reflux methods and determine the extraction method that produces optimal activity. This study used a quantitative experimental approach. Basil herbal simplicia was extracted with 96% ethanol solvent using maceration and reflux methods, then tested for antioxidant activity by the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method using UV-Vis spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 514 nm. The parameter observed was the IC50 value as an indicator of the strength of antioxidant activity. The results showed that the maceration extract had an IC50 value of 64.54 ppm, while the reflux extract was 115.37 ppm, where the maceration extract was categorized as strong and the reflux extract was categorized as moderate. The macerated extract showed higher antioxidant activity than the reflux extract. Therefore, the extraction method influences the antioxidant activity of basil leaves, and maceration is recommended to produce extracts with optimal antioxidant potential. These findings support the use of basil leaves as a natural source of antioxidants in the development of health and pharmaceutical products.

The Relationship Between Sleep Quality With Fat Mass and BMI Among Students of Medicine Faculty Unjani

Kharissa Rahma Fitrah Deani — 2026-08-07

Sleep is one of the physiological needs that plays a role in maintaining the body's metabolic balance. Poor sleep quality can affect the regulation of hormones related to appetite, that potentially increase fat mass and Body Mass Index (BMI). Medical students are at risk of experiencing sleep quality disorders due to high academic demands. This study aims to determine the relationship between sleep quality and fat mass and BMI among medical students at the Faculty of Medicine, Jenderal Achmad Yani University, from class of 2022 and 2023. This study used a cross-sectional design. Sleep quality was measured using the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), height was measured using a microtoise, weight was measured using a beam balance scale, fat mass was measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA), and BMI was calculated as weight (kg) divided by height (m)². Data analysis was tested by using Spearman's correlation test. 110 people were taken as the sample. The results of the analysis showed that there was no significant relationship between sleep quality with fat mass (p=0.565) and BMI (p=0.200). This may be influenced by lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and diet, also stress levels, which play a role in determining body composition.

Evaluation of Potential Drug Interaction in Advanced Phase Tuberculosis Patients at Jember Pulmonary Hospital

Yessy Dilla Aisyah — 2026-08-10

Pulmonary TB is a disease caused by infection from the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis that attacks the lungs. Based on WHO data in Indonesia, the total number of TB cases in 2023 was 1,060,000 cases, the prevalence of TB in the city of Jember was 5,244 cases, and nationally, East Java was in second place based on the estimated incidence of TB with a total of 107,547. From the results of a preliminary study at the Jember Pulmonary Hospital, there were 1,803 cases. This study was to evaluate the interaction of antituberculosis drugs in TB patients at Jember Lung Hospital. The method that will be used by researchers in this study is observation. This type of research is descriptive research with the number of samples used as many as 95 samples using the solvin formula. This study uses random sampling techniques. Data analysis uses univariate analysis, data is displayed in the form of frequency and percentage. Based on the results of the study, the number of men diagnosed with TB was 65%, women were 35%, the results showed that out of 95 tuberculosis patients, 100% of patients experienced potential drug interactions. Based on the severity, major was (65%), moderate was (32%), and minor was (3%), the age range that was more often diagnosed with TB was 17-25, namely 20% and age 55-60 was 28%. Based on the research results that most of the potential drug interactions occur in major interactions. The role of pharmacy in terms of drug interactions is to monitor drug use and regulate drug use scheduling, to avoid drug interactions.

Zinc in Oral Health and Disease: A Narrative Review

Anggun Rafisa — 2026-08-11

Zinc is an essential trace element that plays a fundamental role in maintaining oral health through its structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions. It is involved in numerous biological processes, including immune modulation, antioxidant defense, collagen synthesis, mineralization, cellular signaling, and tissue repair, all of which contribute to oral tissue homeostasis. Recent evidence has highlighted the importance of zinc homeostasis, regulated by zinc transporters and metallothioneins, in preserving normal tooth development, periodontal integrity, and wound healing. Zinc also exerts antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and remineralizing effects, supporting its role in the prevention and management of dental caries, periodontal diseases, and oral mucosal disorders. Furthermore, advances in biomaterials and nanotechnology have expanded the therapeutic applications of zinc through zinc-containing restorative materials, zinc oxide nanoparticles, and zinc-L-carnosine, which demonstrate promising antimicrobial, regenerative, and tissue-healing properties. Emerging evidence also suggests that salivary zinc and zinc-associated proteins may serve as potential biomarkers for oral squamous cell carcinoma, although their diagnostic and therapeutic significance remains to be fully established. Despite these promising findings, the clinical application of zinc-based interventions is limited by inconsistencies in dosage, bioavailability, and treatment protocols. This narrative review summarizes the current evidence regarding the biological functions of zinc, its role in oral diseases, therapeutic applications in dentistry, and future perspectives, highlighting zinc as a promising adjunct in maintaining oral health and improving clinical outcomes.

The Dual Role of VEGF-Mediated Angiogenesis in Oral Tissues: From Physiological Wound Healing to Oral Cancer Progression

Nuroh Najmi — 2026-08-11

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a key regulator of angiogenesis that plays an essential role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and vascular remodeling. In oral tissues, VEGF-mediated angiogenesis is indispensable for physiological wound healing by promoting neovascularization, oxygen delivery, and tissue regeneration. However, dysregulated VEGF signaling also contributes to pathological angiogenesis that supports oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression. Understanding these context-dependent functions is essential for developing regenerative and therapeutic strategies targeting VEGF. This narrative review aimed to critically evaluate the dual role of VEGF-mediated angiogenesis in oral tissues by comparing its physiological function during oral mucosal wound healing with its pathological role in oral cancer progression. A narrative review was conducted by synthesizing peer-reviewed literature. Relevant articles were identified using electronic databases with keywords related to oral mucosal wound healing, angiogenesis, VEGF, HIF-1α, oral squamous cell carcinoma, and tumor angiogenesis. Selected studies were analyzed qualitatively to identify the molecular mechanisms regulating VEGF signaling in physiological and pathological conditions. The reviewed literature demonstrated that transient VEGF activation is essential for physiological angiogenesis, facilitating endothelial cell proliferation, vascular remodeling, and tissue regeneration during oral wound healing. In contrast, persistent VEGF overexpression under chronic hypoxia and inflammation promotes pathological angiogenesis characterized by abnormal vascularization, increased tumor growth, invasion, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in OSCC. Most available studies focused on VEGF in oral cancer, whereas evidence regarding its regulatory role during oral mucosal wound healing remains comparatively limited. VEGF serves as a context-dependent regulator of angiogenesis in oral tissues, contributing to both physiological tissue repair and pathological vascular remodeling. During oral mucosal wound healing, controlled and transient VEGF activation supports neovascularization and tissue regeneration, whereas sustained VEGF signaling under pathological conditions has been associated with angiogenesis that may facilitate oral cancer progression. The current evidence highlights the importance of understanding the molecular regulation of VEGF across different biological contexts. Further studies are needed to clarify the mechanisms governing VEGF activity during oral mucosal wound healing and to explore strategies that promote physiological angiogenesis while maintaining vascular homeostasis and reducing the risk of pathological angiogenesis.

Evaluation of Availability and Implementation of the Compulsory Pharmacy Medicines List: A Case Study at X Pharmacy

Muchromin Muchromin — 2026-08-14

Compulsory Pharmacy Medicines (OWA) represent a crucial policy to ensure public access to certain hard drugs within the framework of safe self-medication, yet its implementation at the pharmacy level often faces various challenges. This study aims to evaluate the availability of OWA and analyze the factors influencing its implementation at X Pharmacy. The research employed an evaluative descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach, using direct observation checklists to assess the physical availability of 58 drug items on the OWA list and structured questionnaires to measure pharmaceutical personnel knowledge, with data analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods. The findings indicate that only 38 drugs (65.52%) were available out of the total 58 OWA items, while 20 drugs (34.48%) were unavailable, with the highest distribution in Group 1 (10 unavailable items), suggesting a significant gap between regulation and implementation at the pharmacy level. The availability of OWA at X Pharmacy does not meet regulatory standards, and the unavailability of drugs, particularly in Group 1, potentially diminishes the pharmacy's role in supporting safe self-medication. These findings highlight the urgent need for systematic efforts in inventory management, capacity building for personnel, and strengthening of monitoring systems to enhance compliance with OWA regulations and improve pharmaceutical service quality in community pharmacies.